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SPARK: Student Papers and Academic Research Kit: Types of Written Assignments

A guide to successful academic papers.

Types of Written Assignments

While the purposes of different assignments can vary considerably, three of the most common types of written assignments ask you to describe, argue or connect.

Look for specific words in the assignment instructions that signal which particular approach to take. Describe assignments are designed to assess your knowledge and understanding of a particular topic or issue. Argument assignments ask you to advance a certain claim or viewpoint and construct an argument based on evidence. Connect assignments are designed to enhance your understanding of an issue by examining the relationships among its constituent parts or its connections to other issues.

Describe a topic

Make an Argument

Connect Issues

Signal words include: Signal words include: Signal words include:
  • Define...outline...summarize
  • Demonstrate...illustrate...show
  • Explain
  • Identify
  • Trace
  • Analyze
  • Argue...debate...justify...prove
  • Assess...criticize...critique...evaluate
  • Consider...discuss...examine...explore
  • Reflect...respond
  • Apply
  • Compare...contrast
  • Relate

     

Signal or Command Words

Analyze...Outline...Explain

Separate the matter at hand into its key parts or essential elements, break it down, and consider the details. Identify the causes, key factors, or features, and possible results.

Compare

Note similarities and differences between two or more things

Contrast

Note differences, dissimilarities, tensions between two or more things.

Examine...Explore...Investigate...

Take a diagnostic approach; inquire or look into closely, perhaps to uncover a hidden motive, theme, etc., Seek out core issues, suggest possible interpretations for solutions

Argue

Take a position on a given subject and support that approach; give reasons for or against something.

Debate

Present opposing viewpoints on a given subject; deliberate; give reasons for and against something.

Evaluate...Judge...Criticize.....

Determine the value or significance of something.

Describe

Depict, present or delineate words; place more emphasis on how something occurs than on why.

Define

Give the meaning of something; present its nature or essential qualities.

Trace

Follow the course, development, or history of something.

Review

Summarize the key aspects of the material at hand.

Document

Like tracing, follow the development, course, or history of something, but emphasize the use of written sources, references, and citations in your approach; substantiate your claims using written support materials, concrete sources, and evidence.

Discuss

Comment on, talk over, write about the topic at hand using whatever approach seems appropriate
(ie: any of the methods listed in this chart).

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