Skip to Main Content

MLA Citation Style 9th edition: How Do I Cite?

Citing Various Sources

Authors, Books & e-Books

Core Elements for books:
Author. Title of source. Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Page number range (for chapters. Database, DOI/Permanent link/URL.

 

One Author

Vermette, Katherena. The Circle. Hamish Hamilton, 2023. 

  • The author’s name is reversed, title is in italics 

Two Authors

Butler, Judith, and Frédéric Worms. The Livable and the Unlivable. Fordham UP, 2023. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=708f2508-d88d-3b2b-ac59-cc928043382a. 
 
  • First author’s name is reversed; the second author’s name is not. Use the abbreviation UP for University Press.  
  • For e-books, note the database in italics and provide the link. 

Three  or More Authors

Hollway, Wendy, et al. Climate Psychology: A Matter of Life and Death. Phoenix Publishing House, 2022. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=20af5389-f916-3159-a97c-8c999fa398b1. 
 
  • Only list the first author’s name; for all other authors note as "et al."  For e-books, note the database in italicsand give the link as it is provided.

Editor as Author

Bennett, Donna and Russell Brown, editors. An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English. 4th ed., Oxford UP, 2019. 
  • add editor or editors after the name

Edition of a Book 

Mays, Kelly J., editor. The Norton Introduction to Literature. Shorter 14th ed., W.W. Norton & Company, 2022. 
 
  • The edition information is placed before the publisher and is abbreviated.  

Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers 

Lekeyten, Elder, Kwantlen First Nation. Community Justice. Personal communication, 4 April 2019. Shared on the traditional unceded territory of the Kwantlen, Musqueam, Katzie, Semiahmoo, Tsawwassen, Qayqayt and Kwikwetlem Peoples. 

  • Core elements: Last name, First names, Elder, Nation/Community. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. Personal communication, Date Month Year. Territorial Acknowledgement of where the information was shared/collected.

Corporate Author or Organization

MLA Handbook. The Modern Language Association of America, 2021. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2674803f-987c-3dca-91c8-bc3e6584f930. 
 
  • *Note the corporate author or organization’s name in full. 
  • When the corporate author and the publisher are the same, note the title first and list the corporate author as the publisher. 

Chapter or Article from an Edited Book 

Stapleton, Patricia A. “Suicide as Apocalypse in The Handmaid’s Tale.” Margaret Atwood’s Apocalypses, edited by Karma Waltonen, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, pp. 27-39. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=d3af9527-21bc-3348-90c8-0c22a7f80885. 
 
  • Note the author of the chapter and place the title of the chapter in quotation marks. The title of the book is in italics and followed by the editor's name. Add the page numbers for the chapter after the date. The database is in italics and followed by the link.

Online Book (public domain) 

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Project Gutenberg, 18 Oct. 2024, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64317.  
 
  • Cite a Project Gutenberg e-book noting Project Gutenberg as the publisher, the publication/updated date, & URL. 

Articles from Journals, Magazines & Newspapers

Core elements to include in your citation for a journal, magazine, or newspaper article:

Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol., no., Date, Pages. Database, DOI/Permanent link/URL
.
  • Provide the most specific date on the source in the format of day-month-year. Use lowercase for seasons (fall, etc.)

Article in a Scholarly Journal

Library Database 
McClaurin, Irma. “Seeing James Baldwin through a Black Photographic Lens.” James Baldwin Review, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024, pp. 235–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.7227/JBR.10.29
Internet
Maplethorpe, Lois and Eunice Eunhee Jang. “Growing Our Roots: Exploring the Home Language and Literacy Environment within the Context of Indigenous Ways of Knowing.” Language and Literacy, vol. 26, no. 3, 2024, pp. 96-122, https://doi.org/10.20360/langandlit29722. Accessed 27 Feb. 2025. 
 
  • The date you accessed the resource is only required when there is no date, however, it is recommended
  • Do not include Google or Google Scholar as a database. (they are search engines)
     

Article in a Magazine / Newspaper / News Website

Library Database
Yu, Andrea. "How College Changed My Life." Maclean's, 05 Sept., 2024. Canadian Business and Current Affairs, https://login.ezproxy.vcc.ca/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/magazines/how-college-changed-my-life/docview/3101159215/se-2
 
  • Article title is in quotation marks, Journal title is in italics
  • Provide the full date. If there are no page numbers, omit that element
  • Note  the full name of the database in italics and provide the link
Internet
Benchetrit, Jenna. "Why Major Countries Can’t Agree on How to Regulate Artificial Intelligence." CBC News, 13 Feb. 2025, www.cbc.ca/news/business/paris-summit-artificial-intelligence-explainer-1.7456222. Accessed 5 March 2025. 
 
  • The date you accessed the resource is only required when there is no date, however, it is recommended
  • Do not include Google or Google Scholar as a database. (they are search engines)

 

Artificial Intelligence


Citing Generative AI - ChatGPT, Co-Pilot etc

"How does climate change create extreme weather events in Canada with citations for three sources” prompt. ChatGPT, 6 Nov. 2023 version, OpenAI, 12 Feb. 2025, chat.openai.com/chat. 
 
  • Do not use the author field. MLA does not consider OpenAI an author.  
  • Title: Your prompt (question) in quotations  
  • Title of Container - ChatGPT  
  • Version: find the date of the version you are using. E.g. GPT-4-Turbo is “6 Nov. 2023 version"  
  • Publisher: OpenAI  
  • Date: the date the content was created. E.g. 12 Feb. 2025  
  • URL for ChatGPT - chat.openai.com/chat 

General Reference Works, (Encyclopedia, Handbook, etc.)


Electronic Encyclopedia

 

Vidar, Sara. "Thomas King." Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia, 2024. EBSCOhost, research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=36e58b6c-b058-30cd-bf0e-d6d330f4a238

 

  • Note the author of the encyclopedia article entry. If there is no author, begin with the title of the article/entry.
  • Place the title of the encyclopedia article in quotation marks, and the title of the encyclopedia in italics.
  • Do not provide the publisher information.

Websites

Core Elements:
 
Author. "Title of web page/section/article." Title of Overall Website, Other contributors, Version or Edition, Number, Publisher, Date, URL (remove https://).

Webpage

Suzuki, David, and Ian Hanington. “CBC Could Be a Beacon in Turbulent Times.” David Suzuki Foundation, 6 March 2025, davidsuzuki.org/story/cbc-could-be-a-beacon-in-turbulent-times. Accessed 20 Feb 2025.
 
  • Omit http:// or https:// from the URL 
  • Include the date accessed at the end of your citation, e.g., Accessed 20 Feb 2025

Webpage - Group Author

"Where We All Live" Canada Council for the Arts, https://canadacouncil.ca/spotlight/2025/01/where-we-all-live. Accessed 31 Jan. 2025.

  • When the page is authored and published by the same corporation/group/organization, begin your citation with the “Title of web page/section/article.” 
  • If the author and publisher are different, include the author's name at the beginning.

Webpage - No Author

“Margaret Atwood.” Poetry Foundation, 2025, www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/margaret-atwood. Accessed 20 Feb. 2025. 

  • If there’s no individual author, begin the citation with “Title of web page/section/article.” 
  • Include the date accessed at the end of your citation, e.g., Accessed 20 Feb. 2025. 

Entire Website - No Author

Telefilm Canada. 2025, telefilm.ca. 

Videos, TV, Film & Podcasts 


Video from the Internet (YouTube, TED, etc.) 

Harari, Yuval N. “The actual cost of preventing climate breakdown.” TED, June 2022.  https://www.ted.com/talks/yuval_noah_harari_the_actual_cost_of_preventing_climate_breakdown.
 

Video from a Streaming Service (Netflix etc.)
 

Brooklyn. Directed by John Crowley, performances by Saoirse Ronan, Domhnall Gleeson, Emory Cohen, and Jim Broadbent, Fox Searchlight, 2015. Netflix,  www.netflix.com/ca/title/80037688.

 

The Power of the Dog. Directed by Jane Campion, performances by Benedict Cumberbatch and Kirsten Dunst, Netflix, 2021. Netflix, https://www.netflix.com/ca/title/81127997 
 
  • List films by their title. Include the name of the director, and if relevant, list performer names, then the film studio or distributor, and the release year. List the platform and provide the link (removing https://)

Video from Database (Kanopy, Criterion, NFB Online, etc.)

King Lear. Directed by Richard Eyre, performances by Anthony Hopkins, Emma Thompson, and Florence Pugh, Photon Films, 2018. Kanopy, www.kanopy.com/en/vccca/video/10947102.

 

Episode in a Series 

 “Sort of Stable.” Sort Of, season 1, episode 4, 16 Nov. 2021. CBC Gem, gem.cbc.ca/media/sort-of/s01e04.

 

Film (DVD) 

Arrival. Directed by Denis Villeneuve, performances by Amy Adams, Jeremy Renner, and Forest Whitaker, Paramount Pictures, 2016.

 

Podcast 

Church and State. Muddied Water, season 2, episode 4, CBC Listen, 22 Oct. 2020, https://www.cbc.ca/listen/cbc-podcasts/371-muddied-water/episode/15804438-s2-episode-4-church-and-state.

 

Social Media

Core Elements:  

Author [@handle]. “Text from the post. If no text, provide a description.” Title of website, Date Posted, URL. Accessed date.

  • Use the name on the account in the Author element. However, if an author’s online handle differs from the author’s account name,  add the handle in brackets after the name. 
  • If you can’t determine the post date, list the copyright date of the page, and if there's no copyright date, provide the date you accessed the post 

Instagram (Photo or Video)

Penny, Louise [louisepennyauthor]. Photo of The Grey Wolf cover. Instagram, 14 Nov. 2024, www.instagram.com/p/DCWstfagvec/?igsh=MTVseXh0NXMwNjVsdg.

 

TikTok

CBC News [cbcnews]. “Ontario pulls U.S. alcohol from LCBO.” TikTok, 4 March 2025, www.tiktok.com/@cbcnews/video/7478096170292694277.

 

Image or Photo

  • Cite images found online just like a website.
  • Credit the creator/photographer of the image, not the person who has posted the image. 
Lindsay, Jack. “Exterior of the Stanley Theatre Showing a Close-Up View of the Marquee with Advertising for Duel in the Sun." City of Vancouver Archives, 1948, searcharchives.vancouver.ca/exterior-of-stanley-theatre-showing-close-up-view-of-marquee-with-advertising-for-duel-in-sun 

 

Content by Vancouver Community College Library is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License